ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืŸ ืœื—ื ืš, ืœื—ื–ืง ื•ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื˜ืืงื•ื•ื ื“ื•

ืงืจื ืขืœื™ื ื•

ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ืก ื˜ืืงื•ื•ื ื“ื•


 ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืืžื ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื, ื”ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืœืคื™ ืจืžื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ืœืื™ื.

 

ืื ื• ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกื ื™ืคื™ื:

ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ืกื ื™ืฃ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืฆื•ืคื™ื.

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืืงื•ื•ื ื“ื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื”ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื’ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘.

 

ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืŸ ืœื—ื ืš, ืœื—ื–ืง ื•ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื˜ืืงื•ื•ื ื“ื•.

ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืขื ืฃ ื”ื˜ืืงื•ื•ื ื“ื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื.

 

ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืืกื˜ืจ ื ื™ื‘ ืžื•ื–ืก (ื“ืืŸ 6) ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ืชื ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืืกื˜ืจ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ (ื“ืืŸ 4), ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื‘ื ืื™ (ื“ืืŸ 3), ื™ื•ืจื™ ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ (ื“ืืŸ 3).

ื”ืกื ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื•


ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืืงื•ื•ื ื“ื•

ื›ื™ื•ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืคืจืงื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืœ ืžืกื›ื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืงืคื™ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืกื“ื™ืจื”. ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš, ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืขื ื’ื‘ ื›ืคื•ืฃ, ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ). ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื›ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื.
ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื˜ืืงื•ื•ื ื“ื• ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ืœืื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื›ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืŸ ื›ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช: ืขื–ืจื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช, ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื—ืจ. ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื—ืกืจื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื’ืจืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืคืกื“ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื ืžื•ืš ืขืงื‘ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžืฉืงืœ. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื›ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื• ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ื— ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื”ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.

ืžื”ื• ื˜ืืงื•ื•ื ื“ื•?

ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื˜ืืงื•ื•ื ื“ื• ื”ื•ื: "ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ืขื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ืื’ืจื•ืฃ". ื˜ืืงื•ื•ื ื“ื• ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืœืงืช ืœืžืกืคืจ ื–ืจืžื™ื. ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื: WT ื•-ITF. ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœื–ืจื ื”-WT, ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืœ ืž-1988. ื˜ืืงื•ื•ื ื“ื• ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื‘ื ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“: ืคื•ืžืกื”, ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืงืจื‘ื•ืช.
ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืขื ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืœื ื›ื•ืœืœ: ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื•ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ (ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื, ืžืคืฉืขื”). ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืœืœื ืžื’ืข ืจืืฉ (ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจืช). ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืžืกื”-ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื•ืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืืงื•ื•ื ื“ื•. ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืžืกื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ. ืœืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืžืกื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ.
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื” ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช (ืกื›ื™ืŸ, ืžืงืœ ื•ืงืจืงืข) ืฉื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ืžืฆื•ืงื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžืืžื ื™ื ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืžืขื ืคื™ ืื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื’'ื™ื•-ื’'ื™ื˜ืกื•) ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช.